Reversal of the motivational effects of tetrabenazine by NMDA receptor blockade

Background: Apathy is a syndrome of decreased goal-directed activity, one of the main features of different brain disorders. Despite its high prevalence and life-threatening potential, there are currently very few options for its pharmacological treatment, which may be related to the lack of valid animal models. Aims: The vesicular monoamine transporter 2 inhibitor tetrabenazine (TBZ) was used in this study to model apathy-related behavior in pathologies linked to a depletion of dopamine. The atypical dopamine transporter inhibitor CE-123 and the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 were evaluated for their effects on goal-directed activity in intact and TBZ-treated rats to compare dopamine and non-dopamine approaches. Methods: To assess goal-directed behavior, the progressive ratio 3 (PR3) operant schedule of food reinforcement was conducted in adult male rats. To assess the motivational changes underlying the schedule, a model analysis based on the mathematical principles of reinforcement was applied. Results: Treatment with TBZ (0.3 mg/kg) induced a decrease in response rate as the number of required responses increased. This effect was not accompanied by a decrease in the incentive value of the reinforcer or locomotor disturbances, suggesting that decreased tolerance to high effort demands was the underlying mechanism of the decrease in goal-directed activity. Treatment with MK-801 increased operant activity in both TBZ-treated and pharmacologically na & iuml;ve rats. Conclusions: Our results support the previously proposed view that the TBZ-treated rats can be a model of apathyrelated behavior in pathologies linked to a depletion of dopamine and suggest that NMDA receptors are a potential therapeutic target for the development of novel approaches to the treatment of apathy in both dopaminedepleted and dopamine-intact states.